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Review

“Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway have demonstrated what many of us have long suspected: that the ‘debate' over the climate crisis--and many other environmental issues--was manufactured by the same people who brought you ‘safe' cigarettes. Anyone concerned about the state of democracy in America should read this book.” ―Former Vice President Al Gore, author of An Inconvenient Truth“As the science of global warming has grown more certain over the last two decades, the attack on that science has grown more shrill; this volume helps explain that paradox, and not only for climate change. A fascinating account of a very thorny problem.” ―Bill McKibben, author of Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet“Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway have written an important and timely book. Merchants of Doubt should finally put to rest the question of whether the science of climate change is settled. It is, and we ignore this message at our peril.” ―Elizabeth Kolbert, author of Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change“There can be no science without doubt: brute dogma leaves no room for inquiry. But over the last half century, a tiny minority of scientists have wielded doubt as a political weapon to halt what they did not want said: that tobacco kills or that the climate is warming because of what we humans are doing. ‘Doubt is our product' read a tobacco memo--and indeed, millions of dollars have gone into creating the impression of scientific controversy where there has not been one. This book about the politics of doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway explores the long, connected, and intentional obfuscation of science by manufactured controversy. It is clear, scientifically responsible, and historically compelling--it is an essential and passionate book about our times.” ―Peter Galison, Joseph Pellegrino University Professor, Harvard University, author of Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps“With the carefulness of historians and the skills of master storytellers, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway lay out the sordid history of tobacco industry protectionists, who framed the debate as scientifically ‘unproven,' gaining decades of market share for those merchants of death--who knew all along the risks of their products. Merchants of Doubt shows that some of the very same individuals were part of the plans to frame the climate change debate as unproven, using the same tried and true tactics of misrepresentation of facts, non-representative scientists, and industry-friendly legislators. Again, tried and true public re-framing of reality worked. But now all this chicanery is exposed for the deception it has been in Oreskes and Conway's powerful and timely work.” ―Stephen H. Schneider, Professor, Stanford University, author of Science as a Contact Sport: Inside the Battle to Save Earth's Climate“A well-documented, pulls-no-punches account of how science works and how political motives can hijack the process by which scientific information is disseminated to the public.” ―Kirkus Reviews“Sweeping and comprehensive… Oreskes and Conway do an excellent job of bringing to life a complex and important environmental battle… [a] darkly fascinating history… Merchants of Doubt is an important book. How important? If you read just one book on climate change this year, read Merchants of Doubt. And if you have time to read two, reread Merchants of Doubt.” ―Grist.org“Oreskes and Conway tell an important story…This book deserves serious attention for the lessons it provides about the misuse of science for political and commercial ends.” ―Publishers Weekly (starred review)“Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway smoke out the Merchants of Doubt.” ―Vanity Fair“In their impeccably researched genealogy of denialism Merchants of Doubt, Conway and Oreskes show that a key group of figures in global warming denial earned their spurs in tobacco-industry-funded attempts to discredit the links between smoking and cancer. ” ―New Humanist“Brilliantly reported and written with brutal clarity… The real shocker of this book is that it takes us, in just 274 brisk pages, through seven scientific issues that called for decisive government regulation and didn't get it, sometimes for decades, because a few scientists sprinkled doubt-dust in the offices of regulators, politicians and journalists … Oreskes and Conway do a great public service.” ―Huffington Post“In their fascinating and important study, Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway offer convincing evidence for a surprising and disturbing thesis. Opposition to scientifically well-supported claims about the dangers of cigarette smoking, the difficulties of the Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars"), the effects of acid rain, the existence of the ozone hole, the problems caused by secondhand smoke, and--ultimately--the existence of anthropogenic climate change was used in ‘the service of political goals and commercial interests' to obstruct the transmission to the American public of important information … Because it is so thorough in disclosing how major policy decisions have been delayed or distorted, Merchants of Doubt deserves a wide readership. It is tempting to require that all those engaged in the business of conveying scientific information to the general public should read it.” ―Science“Merchants of Doubt, by the science historian Naomi Oreskes and the writer Erik Conway, investigates a sort of reverse conspiracy theory: ecoterrorists and socialists are not the ones foisting dubious science upon us; rather it is deniers who are running their own well-funded and organized long-term hoax. Several previous works have ably illuminated similar themes, but this one hits bone…[Merchants of Doubt] provide[s] both the historical perspective and the current political insights needed to get a grip on what is happening now.” ―OnEarth“All in all, Oreskes and Conway paint an unflattering picture of why some scientists continue to stand against the overwhelming scientific consensus on issues at the center of public discussion.” ―USA Today“Ever wonder how the terms liberty and freedom got all tangled up in fake science, how industry friendly think-tanks got their start, or what motivates scientists to sell out beyond the obvious? Merchants of Doubt expertly follows the historical twists and turns to answer all those questions and more in exquisite detail translated into entertaining narratives easily digested by readers from all backgrounds… This book should be a staple for any scientist and progressive, especially those whose work intersects public policy. Merchants of Doubt will not only leave you better equipped to combat the propaganda now packaged and fed to an unsuspecting public as legitimate science on a daily basis, it is a meticulously researched and wonderfully written.” ―Daily Kos“The disturbing tale of how some scientists sell their souls to advance political and economic agendas.” ―Pittsburgh Post-Gazette“Powerful.” ―Economist“After enduring decades of inexplicably persistent news reports casting doubt on the fact that cigarettes cause lung cancer, pollution harms the planet, and nuclear weapons are extremely dangerous, one might be forgiven for wondering if the same mob of misguided mercenaries might be behind them all. As it turns out--according to the evidence assembled in Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming--they are.” ―Chronicle of Higher Education“A devastating portrayal of organized scientific disinformation campaigns that makes clear just how gullible the press, scientific community and the public have been (and to a large extent, continue to be).” ―Capital Weather Gang/WashingtonPost.com“Well-researched and lucidly written.” ―Washington Times“Excellent.” ―America Magazine“An important book … The next time a friend or Fox News commentator or political candidate assaults you with the claim that ‘climate change isn't happening or ‘isn't caused by human activities,' you will recognize the source of their colossal misunderstanding. The good news is, honest science wins in the end. The bad news: The earth is heating up while this artificially heated debate rages, though Merchants of Doubt, if widely read, should help douse the media flames.” ―Minneapolis Star Tribune“Merchants of Doubt might be one of the most important books of the year. Exhaustively researched and documented, it explains how over the past several decades mercenary scientists have partnered with tobacco companies and chemical corporations to help them convince the public that their products are safe – even when solid science proves otherwise…Merchants of Doubt is a hefty read, well-researched and comprehensive…I hope it sells, because what it has to say needs to be heard.” ―Christian Science Monitor“Ever wonder how the terms liberty and freedom got all tangled up in fake science, how industry friendly think-tanks got their start, or what motivates scientists to sell out beyond the obvious? Merchants of Doubt expertly follows the historical twists and turns to answer all those questions and more in exquisite detail translated into entertaining narratives easily digested by readers from all backgrounds…This book should be a staple for any scientist and progressive, especially those whose work intersects public policy. Merchants of Doubt will not only leave you better equipped to combat the propaganda now packaged and fed to an unsuspecting public as legitimate science on a daily basis, it is a meticulously researched and wonderfully written.” ―Austin Science Policy Examiner“No mere summary or review could hope to do more than scratch the surface of the information contained in this book…Merchants of Doubt [is] so compelling that it cannot be dismissed with a mere "talk to the hand." The facts cannot be denied any longer – no free markets can address clearly market failures like acid rain and global warming, and ignoring reality only works for so long before reality finally does something that simply cannot be ignored.” ―Scholars and Rogues“Oreskes and Conway--through a combination of thorough scholarly research and adept story telling--unravel deep common links to past environmental and public health controversies among those now most often identified as climate "skeptics," "contrarians," "deniers," "doubters" … and more. What makes their new book from Bloomsbury Press particularly worthwhile at a time of no shortage of new and intriguing climate change books? It's their combination of thorough research with writing reminiscent of the best investigative journalism (remember that?)… essential reading for anyone seriously wanting to understand the tawdry background of climate science politicization as it was targeted, in particular, at some of the individual scientists and scientific undertakings most respected by the established science academy.” ―Yale Forum on Climate Change“The eye-opener of the year.” ―Head Butler“Fascinating…Merchants is an impressive and disturbing piece of scholarship that does a good job of answering the questions [the authors] pose. It should be read by every editor and every member of Congress, and by climate scientists as well.” ―Climate Progress“Historians a thousand years from now may wonder what went wrong: How, after scholars had so thoroughly nailed down the reality of anthropogenic climate change, did so many Americans get fooled into thinking it was all a left-wing hoax? Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway give us some very good--if disturbing--answers in their fascinating, detailed and artfully written new book, Merchants of Doubt…There is much in this book to outrage anyone who cares about the future of the planet, human health, or scientific integrity.” ―American Scientist“If you really needed any more reasons to dislike the campaign against dealing with climate change, this book will supply it.” ―Daily Kos“Eye-opening…Merchants of Doubt is alarming, yet important.” ―American Biology Teacher“Investigates a sort of reverse conspiracy theory: ecoterrorists and socialists are not the ones foisting dubious science upon us; rather it is deniers who are running their own well-funded and organized long-term hoax. Several previous works have ably illuminated similar themes, but this one hits bone.” ―SustainableBusiness.com“Oreskes and Conway outline how science is supposed to work and how some critical evidence has been drowned out of the U.S. public discourse. An important study about science and the media that informed citizens need to read.” ―Library Journal“The authors explain in exhaustively-researched detail how renowned scientists abandon science, how environmentalism has become equated with communism, and how the Cold War has come to be connected with climate denial…A must read.” ―Earth Gauge

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About the Author

Naomi Oreskes is a professor of history and science studies at the University of California, San Diego. Her essay "Beyond the Ivory Tower" was a milestone in the fight against global warming denial.Erik M. Conway is the resident historian at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. Merchants of Doubt is their first book together.

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Product details

Paperback: 368 pages

Publisher: Bloomsbury Press; Reprint edition (May 31, 2011)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1608193942

ISBN-13: 978-1608193943

Product Dimensions:

5.6 x 1 x 8.2 inches

Shipping Weight: 12.8 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.5 out of 5 stars

371 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#4,440 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This is an important book (and also a movie, but I have not seen that), which meticulously and factually (half the book is the references) documents how not only did the tobacco industry consciously and knowingly bamboozle the public for years to keep making money, but the same methods and very often the very same individuals did the same thing for acid rain, DDT/chemical manufacturers, and now climate change. With tobacco, DDT, and acid rain, the facts and the crushing majority of scientists around the world ultimately prevailed but not before years of continuing damage were permitted due to ignorant media and skilled manipulation of the public. The same is happening with climate change. There really is no "argument", just the illusion of one and creating and repeatedly airing "doubt" so more money and freedom to do what they want accrues to big companies, the 1%, and political extremists. I know many will be outraged at this but facts win over innuendo and urban myths. Makes one wonder about human nature and our future if a few will, knowingly, sacrifice all just for some incremental wealth.I rated this four stars vs five because it is a bit rambling and long, and some of the most important and clear arguments are near the end, so many people may not make it all the way through at all or miss the most compelling information. But if you read it, and feel free to cross-check the references as factual and correct, the conclusions are inescapable. I just wish they were as good at telling the story as they were at gathering the facts.I remember getting an email from a friend of mine on climate change, it cited some Australian college professor, expert in climate, who scoffed at climate change in general and man-made sources being its cause, citing that one volcano puts more greenhouse gases into the air than all of industrial civilization over the entire history of mankind. My friend believed it, sounded factual. I checked around, found out that the man was indeed a professor at an Australian college but he also was a Director and major stock-holder at several natural gas companies (gee, any interest in letting gas companies continue to do their thing??) and he had been cited by the US EPA and the European equivalent for citing false and incorrect "facts" and such, and that one volcano, even a big one, puts a lot into the atmosphere but something like a few weeks of what our industry does. People who out of hand discount things like this book but without question or critical thinking accept the hate and doubt arguments simply have it wrong, sorry.

A prescient book -- Although it was written to explain how doubt about science has been sown since the 1970s, what it really explains is how the American public's trust in expertise has been so eroded that we arrive at the current political situation. Reading this book has helped me understand how we got to 45.

Merchants of Doubt is a book about an orchestration of obfuscation and doubt concerning some of the most pressing environmental issues in the history of humanity. Ever wonder why nothing is getting done about global warming? Why the public, despite overwhelming evidence, cannot accept the obvious reality of climate change and continues to dismiss it and revel in the status quo and business-as-usual. The answer lies in this book.There have been several pivotal environmental issues that have impacted the health and welfare of people and the planet such as tobacco use (smoking), acid rain, the ozone hole, dangerous pesticides, and global warming. Since addressing these problems steps on the toes of vested economic interests and implies a failure of the market, partisan political and scientific operatives and free market fundamentalists come out of the woodwork to cloud the picture and confuse the public into believing that no problem actually exists and that more study is needed before doing anything. Action gets stifled for decades. Damages accumulate as greed translates into public policy that staves off any needed regulations or transformation of technology. For decades a concerted plan to peddle doubt and stave off the truth about the harmful health effects of cigarette smoking caused the needless suffering and early deaths of millions of people who were confused about the real dangers of smoking. It was the same for acid rain, CFCs (ozone destroyers), dangerous pesticides like DDT, and now global warming. In each instance, necessary action was delayed for decades causing enormous health and environmental costs. In the case of global warming, because of this concerted plan to sow doubt and confusion, the public cannot accept the fact that it is happening - thus delaying action for decades to a point where the planet has probably already passed a tipping point in which civilization cannot be saved.We find that the Merchants of Doubt, because of their ideological imperative and ties to powerful economic interests like big tobacco and fossil fuels, have contrived and implemented a consistent plan to withstall any action to address global warming. The corporate media has been complicit in all this.The vested economic interests have used scientists to peddle their doubt. These scientists all have something in common. They have close ties to the military industrial complex and corporate polluters in a nexus where government and corporation unite. They are staunch anti-communist cold warriors and free market fundamentalists. They are political conservatives. They oppose any environmental regulations that might alter the status quo or impede profits of giant corporations. Certain names are prominent throughout the book: Sanger, Seitz, Nierenberg, and Jastrow. These scientists were all involved in the dismissal of science in regards to tobacco smoke, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming. They are mostly physicists, not climatologists or biologists, with ties to big oil, big tobacco, and big defense contractors. The media legitimizes them when they are nothing but schills for big corporate polluters who want to maintain the status quo and their profits. No regulation is acceptable to them. If you want to know the truth about this concerted stratagem to deceive the public and the machinations of these anti-environmental scientists in doing so, you need to read Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway.

Shows how a bunch of millionaire business executives can undercut the credibility of hundreds of honest scientists. Advertising campaigns to create and stimulate the anti-intellectualism at the heart of the Republican scoffers at climate science began with the tobacco industry's propaganda, and flourished with the advent of Fox News.

Finally, a publication that courageously charts and exposes the smarmy fraudulence of the honorable opposition. Sad, that so many once highly regarded specialists would choose to tarnish their careers with this chicanery. A great pity.

In the same way that a good defense attorney creates doubt in the jurors' minds, these merchants know how to insert doubt in the public's minds. From DDT to acid rain, to smoking, to the hole in the ozone layer and now to climate change, these scientists for hire created enough doubt to delay the necessary regulations for decades in each case. Their actions are effectively criminal considering the deaths that have resulted from their nefarious activities for which they got well paid.

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